Hashize icyumweru kirenga umujyi wa Goma, umurwa mukuru w’intara ya Kivu ya Ruguru, ufungiwe amayira y’ubutaka y’ingenzi awugeramo, Emile Bolingo uwutuyemo yabwiye BBC ati: “Ntabwo nzi neza igihe dushobora kumara tutabona ibiribwa bivuye mu mirima.”

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Imihanda ibiri mikuru igera i Goma - umujyi utuwe n’abasaga miliyoni ebyiri z’abaturage, ifunzwe n’inyeshyamba za M23 mu majyaruguru n’iburengerazuba ahaturuka ibiribwa byinshi mu bice bya Masisi, Walikale, na Rutshuru.

“Goma iri mu bibazo bikomeye. Ubuzima ubu buragoye cyane kuko inzira zo bahahiragamo zose ntizikigendwa, kubona ibifungurwa rero birakomeye. Ni ukuvuga ko rero Goma iri neza neza mu ntarambara.” Biravugwa na Onesphore Sematumba umusesenguzi kuri DR Congo wo mu kigo International Crisis Group.

Ariko ikibazo cy’ingenzi kuri benshi ni ukwibaza niba Goma yaba ishobora gufatwa na M23 cyangwa bidashoboka.

Imirwano ubu iravugwa ku misozi ikikije Sake – ‘centre’ ya nyuma mbere y’uko ugera i Goma muri 25km iburengerazuba. Ingabo za leta, zifatanyije n’iza MONUSCO, iza SADC, n’imitwe yitwa Wazalendo zihanganye na M23 muri ako gace.

Mu kiganiro n’umuvugizi we muri Nyakanga ishize, Perezida Felix Tshisekedi yagize ati: “Abanyecongo bagomba kwiga kutwizera, Goma ntizigera ifatwa, icyo nakibizeza.” Ibi yasubiye kubishimangira ubwo yarimo yiyamamaza muri uyu mujyi mu mpera z’umwaka ushize.

Hagati aho abahungira i Goma bakomeje kwiyongera buri munsi bava Sake, inkambi y’impunzi yari muri iki cyumweru zayishizemo zihungira i Goma, nk’uko byemezwa n’imiryango ifasha imbabare.

Emile Bolingo uri i Goma ati: “Dufite ubwoba bw’inzara niba [igisirikare] badafunguye imihanda vuba. Hano icyoba ni cyose…Abantu bafite ubwoba bwinshi.”

Mundeke Kandundao wakoraga taxi-moto i Sake mu cyumweru gishize yakomerekejwe n’igisasu cyaguye muri iyo ‘centre’ ajyanwa mu bitari i Goma.

Yabwiye BBC ati: “Dufite ubwoba kuko intambara irakomeje. Dutegereje ko irangira kugira ngo dusubire iwacu.”

Pascal Bashali wari mu bantu benshi bakomeje guhunga n’amaguru, kuri moto, no mu modoka berekeza i Goma ati: “Tuzabaho gutya kugeza ryari? Buri gihe ni uguhora duhunga.”

Aline Ombeni ari mu kababaro nyuma yo kugera muri uyu mujyi: “Twahunze uku utubona nta kintu dufite – nta biryo, nta myenda…Dukeneye ubufasha bw’aho kurya n’ibiribwa.”

M23, ubu ivuga ko ikikije Sake, muri iki cyumweru yasohoye itangazo ribwira abaturage ba Sake ko bakwiye “gutuza no gukomeza imirimo yabo” kandi ko ije kubarinda.

Kuva aya makimbirane yakongera kubura mu mpera za 2021, M23 yakomeje kwigira imbere ivuye mu misozi yo munsi y’ikirunga cya Sabyinyo igera i Kibumba muri 25km mu majyaruguru ya Goma aho imaze igihe kirenga umwaka. Abarwanyi bayo aho kumanuka ngo bafate Goma bakomeje bagana iburengerazuba za Masisi none ubu bari ku ntera nk’iyo mu burengerazuba bwa Goma.

Sematumba avuga ko gufata Goma bifite byinshi bihatse, birimo no kwibaza uko umuryango mpuzamahanga wabyakira. Ati: “Goma ntabwo ari nka Sake, cyangwa Rutshuru.”

Yongeraho ati: “Ariko igisirikare ubonye ingufu M23 bari gushyira mu ntambara, babigennye bayifata. Ariko bakaba bazi ko bishobora kuzana izindi ngorane zirenze kuyigenzura gisirikare.”

Kuki Goma ari ingenzi ariko ikaba n’ikibazo kuri M23?

Nyuma ya Kinshasa na Lubumbashi, Goma niwo mujyi wa gatatu ukomeye muri DR Congo, niwo sangano rya mbere ry’ubucuruzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro nka zahabu, coltan, tin/étain n’ayandi ava mu birombe bikungahaye cyane byo muri teritwari za Masisi, Walikale n’ahandi muri iyi ntara.

Urugero, Rubaya, agace k’ingenzi cyane ku bucukuzi bwa coltan ku rwego rw’isi ko muri Masisi kari muri 50km mu burengerazuba bwa Goma, ikibuga cy’indege cy’uyu mujyi ni imwe mu nzira z’ingenzi z’ubucuruzi bw’ayo mabuye.

Iri i Goma, imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi ikurikiranira hafi uburasirazuba bwa DR Congo, kandi kubera inyungu zitandukanye ibihugu bimwe bifite za ambasade i Kinshasa bikagira n’amashami yazo i Goma, kongeraho ikigo cya gisirikare cya ONU kiri mu binini ku isi gihari. Uyu mujyi ni isangano ry’ubukungu na politike mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari.

Mu gitondo cyo mu Ugushyingo 2012, M23 yinjiye mu mujyi wa Goma ntawe uyikoma imbere nyuma y’aho abasirikare bahunze n’ingabo za MONUSCO zikirinda kurwana. M23 yagenzuye uyu mujyi mu gihe cy’iminsi 10 iwuvamo kubera igitutu cy’amahanga n’ubwumvikane bwagereweho i Kampala.

Ibi byahaye umwanya n’igihe ‘intervention brigade’ yari iyobowe na MONUSCO irimo n’ingabo za leta, iza Africa y’Epfo na Tanzania kurwana na M23 bakayitsinda igahungira igice kimwe mu Rwanda ikindi muri Uganda.

Hakurikiyeho ibiganiro bitandukanye byagejeje ku bwumvikane ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe hagati ya leta ya Kinshasa n’uyu mutwe.

Ariko mu 2021 mbere gato y’uko imyaka 10 ishira, M23 yongeye kwisuganyiriza munsi ya Sabyinyo kuko “leta itubahirije ibyo twumvikanye”, gusa ubu biragoye kumenya amayeri mashya y’uyu mutwe ku mujyi wa Goma.

M23 isubiramo ko itagamije gufata ubutaka n’aho ifata ibikora yirwanaho, ko ishaka ibiganiro by’amahoro na Kinshasa.

Umuvugizi wayo Lawrence Kanyuka yabwiye BBC ati: “Turasaba ibiganiro ngo dukemure iki kibazo mu mahoro. Intambara nyinshi zigaruka…ntabwo zikemura umuzi w’ikibazo. Leta ya Congo ibyo ntibishaka, irashaka intambara, igakomeza kwica abantu kurushaho.”

Perezida Tshisekedi yavuze ko ibiganiro na M23 “bidashoboka.” Umuvugizi wa leta ye yabwiye BBC ati: “Ikintu kimwe kigomba gusobanuka ni uko twebwe nka leta, ntituzigera tuganira na M23. M23 ntibaho, ni u Rwanda rukoresha ibikoresho byarwo.”

‘Amakimbirane y’imizi miremire’

Hari imitwe y’inyeshyamba irenga 120 mu ntara eshatu gusa z’uburasirazuba bwa DR Congo, M23 ni umwe muri yo, ariko utandukanye cyane n’indi. Ufite inzego, ufite intwaro zikomeye, n’abarwanyi b’impuzankano, nta gushidikanya ko ari wo ukomeye kurusha indi.

Kinshasa, ibihugu by’iburengerazuba ndetse n’inzobere za ONU bavuga ko ufashwa n’u Rwanda, ndetse ko uherutse gukoresha intwaro idasanzwe mu nyeshyamba ya surface-to-air missile (SAM) bivugwa ko ari iy’igisirikare cy’u Rwanda. U Rwanda rwakomeje kuvuga ko rudafasha uyu mutwe.

Sematumba ati: “Aya ni amakimbirane afite imizi miremire, aterwa n’uburyo kuva cyera leta ziri i Kinshasa zananirwaga kubanisha mu mahoro amoko, bamwe bakabwira abandi ko ari abanyecongo kubarusha, no kurwanira kugenzura ubutaka.”

Igihe abakoloni bacaga imipaka mishya y’ibihugu bya Africa mu myaka ya 1900, bamwe mu baturage b’icyahoze ari Ubwami bw’u Rwanda bwari bunini bisanze babaye abaturage ba Congo. Aba banyecongo bavuga Ikinyarwanda, barimo Abanyamulenge muri Kivu y’Epfo n’imiryango y’Abatutsi bo muri Kivu ya Ruguru, bavuga ko bagiye bahohoterwa kuva mu myaka ya 1960 bakamburwa uburenganzira, bakabwirwa ko bagomba “gusubira iwabo” mu Rwanda.

Mu nama i New York yateguwe na International Peace Academy mu 1996, uwahoze ari Perezida wa Tanzania Julius Nyerere yashinje leta ya Zaïre kuba ariyo yateye aya makimbirane “inanirwa guhagarika ihohoterwa rikorerwa abaturage bayo bavuga Ikinyarwanda”.

Sematumba ati: “Kubera intege nke za leta, iyo miryango (amoko) yashatse uburyo bwo kwirinda, ubu dufite imitwe irenga 120 yitwaje intwaro. Uyu munsi turimo kuvuga M23 kuko ari yo iri mu makuru.”

Kuri M23, yaba Laurent-Désiré Kabila, umuhungu we wamusimbuye Joseph Kabila, cyangwa perezida uriho Felix Tshisekedi, nta wakemuye ikibazo ivuga ko irwanira cyo guhagarika ihohoterwa ku banyecongo bavuga Ikinyarwanda no gucyura impunzi zabo, nubwo habaye amasezerano atandukanye arimo ayo kuwa 23 Werurwe (Mars) 2009 n’uwahoze akuriye inyeshyamba Laurent Nkunda na leta ya Joseph Kabila – ari nayo uyu mutwe ukomoraho izina M23 (Mouvement du Mars 23.

Amaherezo y’izi ntambara ni ayahe?

Kuva i Luanda, uciye i Pretoria, kugera i Nairobi, Kampala, Gitega, Kigali, Brussels, kugera i Washington DC, abasesenguzi bavuga ko aya makimbirane areba impande nyinshi, ariko ko Kinshasa, Kigali, na Kampala ariho hari urufunguzo rwayo.

Umwaka ushize umuryango w’ibihugu bya Africa y’iburasirazuba (EAC) wohereje ingabo muri DR Congo kurinda abasivile n’ibice M23 yarekuye kugira ngo imirwano ihagarare hashakwe igisubizo cya politike, ariko izi ngabo zaje kuhava bisabwe na leta ya Kinshasa. Kugenda kwazo mu Ukuboza (12) byakurikiwe n’iherezo ku gahenge kari kamaze amezi agera ku umunani.

Perezida Tshisekedi yizeye ko ingabo za SADC ziheruka kuhagera zikinjira mu mirwano zizagera kuri byinshi mu nshingano zazo zirimo no kurwana.

Gusa hari impungenge ko iyi ntambara ishobora gukomera nyuma y’uko mu Ukuboza(12) Perezida Tshisekedi yatangaje ko ashobora gutangaza intambara ku Rwanda mu gihe M23 yakongera gutera nanone.

Mu gisa no kumusubiza, mu kwezi gushize Perezida Kagame w’u Rwanda yavuze ko mu kurinda igihugu cye “tuzarwana nk’abantu badafite icyo bahomba”.

Hagati aho, nubwo M23 ivuga ko ishaka ibiganiro,kuri ubu ikorana n’ihuriro ryitwa Alliance du Fleuve Congo (AFC) rikuriwe na Norbert Nangaa wahoze ari perezida wa komisiyo y’amatora ya DR Congo ubu intego yabo bavuga ko ari “ugukuraho Tshisekedi.”

Sematumba ati: “N’iyo haba ibiganiro, iyi ‘phenomena’ ya AFC ubu yakomeza ibintu, kandi nanone impande zombi zakoresheje agahenge gaheruka mu kwitegura intambara kurusha kuyirangiza. Ibimenyetso byose ubu birerekana ko iminsi iri imbere ishobora kuba mibi.”

Natàlia Torrent wo mu kigo gitabara imbabare Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) avuga ko uko imirwano yarushijeho kwiyongera kuva muri Mutarama(1) bikomeza kuzahaza abaturage bakomeza guhunga.

Yabwiye BBC ati: “Turi mu gihe cyari gisanzwe cyugarijwe n’ikwirakwira ry’ibyorezo bitandukanye. Umwaka ushize twariho turwana na Kolera n’iseru, ubu dufite ubwoba…ko ibindi byorezo bishobora gukwira nanone”.

Avuga kuri iyi mirwano, Emile Bolingo uri i Goma ati: “Ni twe tuhababarira.”

Naho Pascal Bashali wahunze Sake n’umugore we n’abana icyenda, ati: “Abagabo bari gupfa, abana bari gupfa, abagore bari gupfa, n’abarwana bari gupfa, barazira iki? Turasenga ngo igihugu cyacu kibone amahoro.”

BBC