Raporo y’ibipimo by’ubwiza bw’umwuka yakozwe mu 2025, igaragaza ko u Rwanda ruza ku mwanya wa 32 ku isi mu bihugu bifite umwuka wanduye, aho rwagize impuzandengo y’igipimo cya 64 ku gipimo cya AQI (Air Quality Index).

Nubwo iki gipimo kidashyira u Rwanda mu bihugu bifite umwanda ukabije cyane nk’ibya mbere ku rutonde, imibare irerekana ko ikibazo cy’umwuka wanduye mu Rwanda gikwiriye guteza impungenge.

Igipimo cya AQI 64 gisobanura iki?

AQI (Air Quality Index) ni igipimo gikoreshwa mu kugaragaza uko umwuka umuntu ahumeka umeze. Uko umubare wacyo uzamuka, ni ko bishoboka ko umwuka uba urimo ibihumanya byinshi.

Muri rusange, igipimo kiri hagati ya 0–50, umwuka uba umeze neza kandi nta ngaruka zikomeye ku buzima ushobora gutera abawuhumeka.

Iyo ibipimo biri hagati ya 51–100, ubwiza bw’umwuka buba buri ku rwego ruciriritse; abantu bafite ubuzima bwiza bashobora kuba nta kibazo bagira, ariko abafite ibibazo by’ubuhumekero cyangwa umutima bashobora guhura n’ingaruka.

Iyo ibipimo biri hagati ya 101–150, bivuze ko umwuka uba wanduye ku buryo ushobora kugira ingaruka ku bantu bafite ibibazo by’ubuzima.

Iyo biri hagati ya 151–200, umwuka uba wanduye ku rwego rushobora kugira ingaruka ku bantu benshi, mu gihe iyo biri hejuru ya 200, umwuka uba ushobora guteza ikibazo gikomeye ku buzima bw’abawuhumeka.

Bityo, kuba u Rwanda rufite AQI 64 bivuze ko umwuka warwo uri mu cyiciro cy’umwuka wanduye ku rugero ruciriritse, aho abantu bamwe bashobora kugira ingaruka cyane cyane abafite indwara z’ubuhumekero, abana ndetse n’abageze mu zabukuru.

Ni iki gituma umwuka wandura?

Kimwe mu bipimo by’ingenzi bikoreshwa mu gupima umwuka ni PM2.5.

PM2.5 ni utuvungukira duto cyane tuba mu kirere, dufite ubunini bungana cyangwa buri munsi ya micrometero 2,5. Kugira ngo wumve ubuto bwatwo, utuvungukira twa PM2.5 ni duto cyane ku buryo agace kanini katwo kaba kari munsi cyane y’ubunini bw’umusatsi w’umuntu.

Aka kavungukira ni ko gatera impungenge cyane kuko kubera ubuto bwa ko, gashobora kwinjira mu myanya y’ubuhumekero kakagera mu bihaha, ndetse rimwe na rimwe kakinjira mu maraso.

PM2.5 ishobora guturuka ku bintu bitandukanye birimo imyuka isohorwa n’imodoka, imyotsi iva mu nganda, gutwika imyanda, ibikorwa by’ubwubatsi bitera ivumbi no gutwika ibicanwa nk’amakara n’inkwi.

U Rwanda rwagereranywa rute n’ibindi bihugu?

Raporo y’ibihugu bifite umwuka wanduye kurusha ibindi mu 2025 igaragaza ko u Rwanda rwari ku mwanya wa 32 ku Isi, rufite AQI ya 64. Mu karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, Uganda yari ku mwanya wa 19 (AQI 70), naho Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo yari ku mwanya wa 22 (AQI 69).

Ibihugu byaje ku isonga mu kugira umwuka wanduye cyane birimo Bangladesh yari ifite AQI 113, u Buhinde bufite 111 na Pakistan ifite 110.

Ku rundi ruhande, mu bihugu bifite ikibazo gikomeye cya PM2.5, raporo igaragaza ko Tchad, Iraq na Pakistan bifite urugero rwo hejuru cyane rw’utuvungukira two mu kirere. Urugero, Chad yari ifite PM2.5 irengeje inshuro nyinshi igipimo cy’umwuka cyemewe n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO).

Abantu bamara igihe bahumeka umwuka urimo PM2.5 nyinshi bashobora kugira ibyago byo kurwara indwara z’ubuhumekero nk’umusonga udakira, ndetse n’izindi ndwara zifata ibihaha. Ku bana, umwuka wanduye ushobora kugira uruhare mu kudindiza imikurire myiza y’ibihaha.

Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko umwanda wo mu kirere ari kimwe mu bibazo by’ubuzima rusange ku Isi, kuko abantu benshi bahumeka umwuka utujuje ubuziranenge.

Nubwo u Rwanda rwashyizwe muri uru rutonde, igihugu gikomeje gushyira imbaraga mu kurengera ibidukikije binyuze mu bikorwa birimo gutera amashyamba, kurwanya imyanda no guteza imbere uburyo bwo gutwara abantu bugabanya imyuka yangiza ikirere.